Syntax check leads to SYSTEM_CORE_DUMPED or ABAP_ASSERT

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Symptom
The syntax check or activation of an ABAP program terminates with a core dump (session restart).
The dump analysis (transaction ST22) contains an entry SYSTEM_CORE_DUMP in such a situation, which contains the following function names in the section “Active calls in SAP kernel”:
ar_find
sc_tparint
sc_get_struc_value
restore_data
restore_components
restore_intf
sc_getph
Other terms
Precompiled header, multi-pass compiler, syntax check, program check, generation, compilation
Reason and [...]